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There is no single fact that proves how an essay was written. What exists instead is corroboration: independent, hard-to-fake traces that converge on the same account. Here is what that evidence actually looks like, and what to start doing now if you have not been accused of anything yet.
Where you place an AI disclosure statement, what it has to name, and what happens if a journal finds it missing afterward: the mechanics of disclosing AI use in a journal article, publisher by publisher.
A generative AI system is not one fixed thing: providers update and retire models on their own schedule, and a citation without a version string cannot say which one produced your text. Here is where to find the exact label your interface showed, what to do when it will not give you one, and how APA, MLA, Chicago and IEEE each treat the version element differently.
A paraphrasing tool and an AI humanizer get reached for interchangeably, and they do different jobs with different failure modes. Here is the purpose, the input, what breaks in each, and how to tell which one actually solves your problem.
An annotated bibliography and a literature review can be built from the same five sources and still do completely different jobs: one evaluates each source on its own, the other builds an argument out of all of them at once. Here is what changes, source by source, when the same reading list moves from one document into the other.
Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion: four sections, four different questions. Most structural mistakes are really one section answering another section's question, especially where interpretation, a stray result, or a literature review lands in the wrong place.